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RETAINING WALLS – WHY ARE SO MANY PLAGUED WITH PROBLEMS OR FAIL?

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Such a high failure rate is very unusual and unacceptable for engineered structures! What is the reason for such high failure rate for MSE walls in particular and retaining walls in general? Based on published studies and Geo-Technology Associates, Inc.’s own experience during more than 30 years of practice, the contracting methods for both design and construction of walls are a big contributing factor to the high failure rate of the walls.

Lack of attention to details/setbacks during site layout and grading and procurement practices that push the design responsibilities to the wall contractor are significant contributing factors. The wall contractors frequently utilize high-volume, low-cost, out-of-town (frequently out-of-state), small engineering firms that operate more as “wall design factories” with limited manpower and expertise. The cutthroat competition for the work leads to incorrect and/or optimistic assumptions in the design. Therefore, some of the critical design issues (e.g., global stability of the wall, site-specific soil conditions, and available backfill materials) are not addressed properly or left for others to address. Use of low-quality backfill, inadequate quality control/testing during construction, and locating utilities or temporary/permanent stormwater management (SWM) facilities too close to the wall, further increases the potential for problems or failure of the walls.

We recommend the following dos and don’ts to reduce the risk of problems and failures of retaining walls:

  • Do not be penny wise and pound foolish! Allocate and invest adequate budget for the design and construction of walls that will last for the useful life of the development.
  • The civil engineer should account for the wall thickness; face batter; minimum setbacks for railing and guardrails; and setbacks from curbs, utilities, and SWM structures during the site layout and grading.
  • Retain a local and experienced geotechnical engineer to perform borings and design the retaining wall. The project geotechnical engineer is generally in the best position to design walls for the site.
  • Use design-bid-build process for construction of the wall. Retain a local and experienced contractor to build the wall.
  • The wall designer should take into account the site-specific soil and groundwater conditions, planned utilities, and other facilities in the vicinity of the wall. The designer should perform global stability analysis of the wall using site-specific and meaningful soil parameters.
  • Retain the project geotechnical engineer/wall designer to provide full-time observation and testing services during construction.
  • Assess and incorporate measures to improve surface and subsurface drainage in the vicinity of the wall.
  • Use nonclayey, sandy soils for wall backfill. Well-graded soils form better backfill and improve drainage. Avoid beach sands (poorly graded sands classified as SP per the Unified Soil Classification System) as wall backfill. Beach sands are prone to washouts and resulting settlement and failures.
  • Use open-graded backfill for the portions of the walls subjected to permanent or periodic flooding (e.g., walls adjacent to or within SWM ponds).
  • Avoid temporary sediment traps or concentrated water discharge in the vicinity of the walls.
  • Stabilize the areas near the top and bottom of the wall immediately after wall construction.
  • Inspect and maintain the wall drainage system and ground around the wall on a regular basis.

Happy walling!

Ravi-Malviya-200x280pxRavi Malviya is a Vice President GTA with more than 25 years of geotechnical and site engineering consulting experience throughout the mid-Atlantic and New England.
 

 

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Concentrated discharge resulted in sinkhole and undermining of wall foundation.

Retaining-Wall-Article-12-23-15-2-300x238
This 25’+ high wall failed within months of construction. It was reconstructed and failed a second time. Why?  Inadequate global stability assessment due to designer’s lack of understanding of site soils.

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Lack of stabilization and uncontrolled runoff above the wall resulted in washout of wall and foundation soils.

Retaining-Wall-Article-12-23-15-4-300x225
Undermining of foundation support soils resulted in failure of the wall.


SAFETY IN MOTION – GTA’S “NEAR MISS” PROGRAM

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Since May 2015, when GTA hired Mike Whiteman as the Director of Safety, our EMR (Experience Modification Rate) has dropped below 1.00, and our OSHA Total Incident Recordable Rate has been lowered by 0.14.

One of the newest initiatives Mike has developed for GTA, which is sure to lower these rates even further, involves our “Near Miss Program.” A near miss is any type of accident in which a person was not injured, or any circumstance which increases the potential for an injury, if not avoided. The reporting of near misses is a vital component in promoting safety and reducing injuries.

In the trending and tracking world of safety “Near Miss” reporting is crucial and provides multiple benefits. It is used as a valuable leading indicator to identify reoccurring scenarios of poor judgement, and the day and/or time patterns when events are most likely to occur. It can also help to project expected number of first aid and OSHA recordable incidences. With this information, Mike can identify areas of concern in GTA’s safety program to focus future educational programs for the staff in these areas.

In an effort to further entrench the value of and encourage staff to report near misses, GTA has designed a “safety sticker” which is given to staff who report their near misses. Previously, near misses were reported infrequently. Since the establishment of this new incentive, which started in January 2016, near miss reporting has increased 75% from 2015.

It is all about safety in motion…our ongoing effort to keep our staff safe.

Robert Howard, E.I.T., Promoted to Associate

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Robert Howard, E.I.T.
Associate
COTS
Quakertown, PA Office
RHoward@gtaeng.com

We are pleased to announce that Robert Howard, E.I.T., has been promoted to the position of Associate in our Quakertown, Pennsylvania office.

With 27 years of experience, Rob’s responsibilities include management of construction observation and material testing services (COTS) performed by the office, overseeing the quality assurance and quality control on a variety of commercial, academic, and residential projects; on-site project management and representation; providing training and supervision of field and lab technicians; reports and special inspection letter preparation; and preparing proposals and budgets for a variety of construction projects and work scopes.

Rob received his Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering from Drexel University. As member of the Pennsylvania Aggregate and Concrete Association (PACA), he provides class instruction for the ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician-Grade I Certification. Rob serves as the 2016 Vice Chair of the Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc. (ABC) Lehigh Valley Council and is an active member of their Regional Business Development Committee. Rob also serves as the Chair of GTA’s COTS Committee which works to provide increased safety awareness; uniform hiring, training, and testing guidelines; a forum for group discussion, problem solving and member opinion in decision making; team building strategies; and training for future leadership for our 16 offices.

GTA was established in 1985 and specializes in geotechnical engineering, geoscience and environmental consulting, and materials testing engineering. GTA has a staff of more than 300, including 19 in our Quakertown office.

Managing Risk of Slope Instability for Marlboro and Potomac Clays

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Originally published in Maryland Building Industry
Association’s (MBIA’s) Build Maryland, Sept/Oct 2016 magazine.

Written by: Andy McKeen, P.E.

What is considered a stable slope? A slope with a factor of safety (FOS) of less than 1.0 is considered unstable. The FOS is a measure of the ultimate strength of a system to the actual applied load. So when the applied load is greater than the overall strength, the slope will fail, and the FOS will be less than one. In engineering practice, a slope with a factor of safety of 1.2 to 1.5 is considered stable. What attributes to the stability? There are many factors that contribute, but primarily the soil weight, strength, groundwater, and the overall slope geometry.

In soil mechanics, soil can be assigned an internal angle of friction, and cohesion to measure strength.  Generally speaking, the friction angle is the angle at which a soil can “stand up” without sliding over itself.  To put it in perspective, picture a large stockpile of soil.  For gravelly soils, the pile can be placed at an angle ranging from 38 to 45 degrees before slides and sloughing of soil will occur under its own weight.  For sands, this angle can range from 28 to 38 degrees, and for clays 15 to 28 degrees. The second component, cohesion can be thought of as the “glue” that holds soil particles together through cementation in sandy soils or by attraction in clay soils.  While shearing under a confining pressure, the shear stress in soil will increase to a certain peak strength level.  This peak strength level is typically reached within relatively small displacements.  As shear deformation continues past the peak strength, the shear stress drops to a residual strength level and will remain constant, even for large deformations.  Internal friction angles at the residual strength level can be as much as 40 to 50 percent less than the typical friction angles at the peak strength, as mentioned above.

Due to low shear strength, clays can be problematic for slopes. In many cases cracks and old slide planes (known as slickensides) are present within clayey soil stratums.  Such “slickensided” clays are present throughout Maryland.  In particular, the Arundel or Potomac Clay, present throughout central and northern Maryland and Marlboro Clay present primarily in Prince George’s County. Considering the slides and movement, it is more appropriate to utilize the residual friction angle in Marlboro and Potomac Clay.

Marlboro Clay Slope SLide 1000px wideSlides of the Marlboro Clay (reddish-brown in color, bottom of picture) layer after a storm event, during a mass excavation and replacement slope stabilization.

Slopes constructed in or on top of these formations require careful analysis, and if not analyzed and designed properly, can result in an unstable slope potentially leading to failure. Roadways, buildings and other structures should not be located within a shear plane with inadequate FOS. To perform a proper analysis of a proposed slope or retaining wall, geotechnical information including soil borings to delineate the top, bottom, and thickness of the clay layers, and laboratory testing to estimate the residual strength of the clay should be performed. Enough information should be obtained to fully characterize the clay both up and down slope.

Every given situation is unique, but some general rules of thumb are highlighted below:

  • Avoid slopes steeper than 5H: 1V on top of the clays.
  • If possible, “bury” the clay, and keep it as deep and far behind the slope as possible.
  • Minimize excavation or “unloading” of soil in front of the slope when adding fill behind or on top of the slope.
  • Keep water away! The buildup of water will reduce stability of the slope.

Slope Stability Diagram - 1000 px wideThe top diagram identifies slope instability due to the presence of Marlboro Clay. The planned structures are impacted by the 1.5 FOS line. The bottom figure shows a mass removal and replacement to stabilize the slope. This is very expensive, and can possibly be avoided with proper analysis and input from the geotechnical engineer prior to permitting and final site designs.

To minimize headaches, a qualified geotechnical engineer should be involved early in the site design to analyze proposed slopes, and work with the civil designer to minimize slope impacts. Revising grading and layout to accommodate slope issues is much easier (and cheaper) than dealing with expensive slope improvements such as mass removal and replacement of the clay or structural stabilization techniques.

A McKeen Headshot scAndy McKeen is a project engineer with GTA and has more than six years of geotechnical and site engineering consulting experience throughout the state of Maryland.

Got Dirt? (Soil Import/Export)

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Originally published in New Jersey Builders Association’s Dimensions magazine, Fall 2016 issue.

Written by: Richard Lake, LSRP

With the economy returning and construction projects ramping up, it seems we receive calls on a weekly basis requesting environmental sampling of soil in need of import or export at construction projects. Import or export of soil in New Jersey is generally not regulated except through some local municipal ordinances or when the soil is imported/exported from a property undergoing remediation. Nevertheless, evaluating the environmental quality of soil imported/exported should be considered to protect the liability of both the sending and receiving parties. This typically involves due diligence to evaluate whether the soil has the potential to be contaminated and/or collection of soil samples for laboratory analysis.

For most development projects, a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) and/or Preliminary Assessment (PA) is the first step in evaluating the potential for contamination at a property. If potential environmental concerns are identified during the Phase I ESA or PA, soil or groundwater sampling is often performed. This data should be considered when evaluating the environmental quality of soil that may be imported/exported.

In some cases, a Phase I ESA or PA may not identify environmental concerns associated with a property; however, that does not eliminate the potential that soil may contain contaminants above strict New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) standards. A Phase I ESA or PA typically focuses on evaluating whether a release of petroleum products or hazardous substances has occurred. But there are other sources that may result in elevated concentrations of contaminants in soil. For example, arsenic is naturally occurring and is often found in New Jersey soil at levels that exceed the NJDEP standards. Other contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originate from diffuse anthropogenic sources (i.e., from widespread manmade sources such as combustion of fossil fuels) and may exist at levels exceeding the standards, particularly since NJDEP lowered the standards for these contaminants in 2008. While contaminants from these sources may not be regulated by NJDEP, they could impact the ability to import the soil to a site and significantly affect soil export costs. Considering these issues and the potential liability, it is generally good practice to sample the soil that is planned for import/export regardless of the findings of a Phase I ESA or PA.

When soil is to be imported/exported for use during remediation of a contaminated property in the State’s Site Remediation Program (SRP) (for instance, to cap contaminated soil), evaluation and sampling of the soil pursuant to NJDEP guidance is required. The NJDEP published the Alternative and Clean Fill Guidance for SRP Sites (December 29, 2011), which included conservative sampling requirements, including laboratory analysis of samples collected from virgin sources such as quarries. In April 2015, NJDEP published a revised version (Fill Material Guidance for SRP Sites) that slightly relaxed the sampling requirements. The guidance outlines a sampling frequency based on soil volume with a full suite of analytical parameters typically needed unless due diligence research suggests otherwise. The cost to collect and analyze soil samples pursuant to the guidance can be significant. Analytical results must also meet strict criteria.

For projects where import/export of soil is not dictated by the NJDEP guidance or local ordinances, the level of sampling to be performed is typically established following an environmental due diligence review, and is based on 1) the likelihood that the soil is contaminated, 2) the volume of soil to be exported, and 3) the requirements of the receiving property owner/developer.

The need for soil import/export should be evaluated during project planning, prior to initiating construction. This will allow time to assess potential sources of imported soil, or to sample soil planned for export. Discovery of unanticipated contamination during construction can lead to project delays and cost overruns. Exceptional project planning does not eliminate the possibility of generating soil in need of export from a construction project. Soil suitability, weather, and other factors often contribute to the generation of excess soil.

It is recommended that project specifications detail the level of sampling (and what standards will apply) for imported soil so contractors can properly bid projects. The developer and contractor should also be made aware that an environmental professional or a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) for a remediation project may need to review the analytical data prior to soil import. A developer/contractor could be faced with project delays and increased costs associated with importing soil if finding an acceptable clean fill source proves troublesome. Likewise, a developer or contractor can expect premium costs to manage and export to an approved facility excess soils that contain contaminants above NJDEP’s standards. NJDEP guidance permits the reuse of marginally contaminated soil (a.k.a., alternative fill) at properties undergoing remediation provided that certain conditions are met. Soil that contains elevated concentrations of naturally occurring elements such an arsenic can also remain on site, and remediation of naturally occurring elements is normally not required. The ability to reuse soil that is considered alternative fill or that contains naturally occurring elements is typically evaluated by the LSRP.

Due diligence and project planning are key to managing costs associated with the import/export of soil. A qualified environmental professional should be consulted to assist with these efforts since each site is unique.

lake-rich-gta-200x280Richard Lake is an Associate with GTA, and a New Jersey Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP). Rich has more than 20 years of experience providing environmental consulting for sites throughout New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Trade Partner of the Year Award

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2016 Lennar Award - GTA

GTA is honored to receive Lennar Maryland/Delaware Division’s Land Development Trade Partner of the Year Award.

The award was presented on December 21st by Lennar Vice President, Joe Fortino, and accepted by GTA's Greg Sauter, P.E., V.P./Geotechnical Engineer/Construction Observation and Testing Manager on behalf of the firm.

Lennar Division President, Ryan Houck, expressed his sincere appreciation of GTA’s staff and the valued services that GTA provides to Lennar in all facets of land development acquisition and during construction.

Robert Dykstra, P.E., Named Vice President

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dykstra-rob-2x3-300-dpi
Robert Dykstra, P.E.
Vice President
Geotechnical Engineering
Construction Observation
and Testing

NYC Metro Office
(201) 641-1850
RDykstra@gtaeng.com

Geo-Technology Associates, Inc. is pleased to announce the promotion of Robert Dykstra, P.E., to Vice President. 

Rob Dykstra is Vice President responsible for work performed out of GTA’s New York Metropolitan office, which he opened in 2014. Rob is a New Jersey and New York licensed geotechnical engineer, with 27 years of experience, who specializes in providing value-based geotechnical solutions to problematic soils and construction challenges. He provides responsive project management and geotechnical engineering, as well as technical assistance and oversight to field personnel during drilling and construction operations and testing for residential, commercial, and institutional projects in NY City and NY State (dba GTA Engineering Services of NY, P.C.), and in northern New Jersey, and southern Connecticut. He is particularly knowledgeable of the New York Metropolitan area market and geology. He has obtained certification from the American Concrete Institute as a Concrete Laboratory Technician Level II.

His responsibilities include coordination of subsurface exploration operations, lab testing, and preparation of geotechnical exploration reports, as well as, the design of driven piles, micro-piles, and underpinning, support of excavation walls and other structures. He also provides project management and technical oversight of construction observation and testing, including concrete, masonry and structural steel services for the New York office. Rob’s field experience includes monitoring, testing, and evaluation of the placement/suitability of controlled fill, foundation soils, underpinning, slope stabilization measures, retaining walls, drilled shafts, micro-piles, driven piles and other various geotechnical and construction monitoring activities.

Rob earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering from Calvin College in Michigan, and is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Rob was the geotechnical Project Manager for the geotechnical design of the 21-story Riverwalk 7 residential building on Roosevelt Island; a 42-story hotel in Manhattan; the VUE, which is a 7-story residential building in Hackensack, New Jersey; as well as numerous other projects throughout New York’s 5 boroughs, northern New Jersey, Long Island, and lower New York State. He is currently managing the special inspection services for the $280,000,000 Ambulatory Care Pavilion, a multi-story medical facility on the Valhalla Campus of Westchester Medical Center in New York.

ENVIRONMENTAL SITE DESIGN: PITFALLS AND LESSONS LEARNED (SO FAR…)

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Originally published in Maryland Building Industry
Association’s (MBIA’s) Build Maryland, Sept/Oct 2017 magazine.

Written by: Ben Dinsmore, P.E.

Whatever happened to those big stormwater management ponds that used to be constructed in every development? Since 2010, those large facilities have been gradually phased out of new developments in favor of smaller-scale, and non-structural facilities known as Environmental Site Design (ESD) devices. This change is the result of efforts by the Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) to control stormwater runoff from new developments. Any development that did not receive stormwater management (SWM) plan approval prior to the May 4, 2010 deadline must be designed using ESD facilities to the Maximum Extent Practicable, thus the advent of the phrase “ESD to the MEP.” The goal of this change was to refocus SWM design to mimic the natural runoff characteristics of the site, as opposed to the “old” method of collection and long-term storage of rainwater in larger-scale ponds or infiltration systems.

Common ESD devices include micro-bioretention facilities, bio-swales, rain gardens, dry wells, submerged gravel wetlands, and pervious pavements. These facilities may incorporate infiltration techniques, if feasible based on the soil conditions. Otherwise, they will include underdrains. It is the opinion of many designers, engineers, and developers that the ESD facilities are flawed and the use of these facilities may create more harm than good in the future. One reason for these concerns is that the function of these devices is highly dependent upon proper design and construction. Minor deficiencies in either can result in clogging, saturation of the planting media, and overflowing or failure of the facility. We have observed situations in which excessive proportions of fines (silts and clays) in the planting media, a layer of sediment at the invert of the facility, or overly compacted subgrade soils have impeded drainage in the facility.

A recently-constructed micro-bioretention facility which is holding water due to clogging and saturation of the planting media. It was determined that the proportions of the silt and clay within the planting media were at or just above the specified ranges.

A micro-bioretention facility in which the planting media has been clogged by runoff from nearby stockpiles and exposed subgrade prior to paving.

A related concern is that even properly designed and constructed facilities require more maintenance than the old SWM ponds and the construction of so many facilities on large developments will create the need for significant maintenance in the future (maintenance that could be the responsibility of private homeowners and could be relatively invasive or costly). Property owners, HOAs, and private residents are not necessarily prepared to handle (or will not know how to perform) this maintenance. This could result in the failure of many of these facilities and significant maintenance costs. ESD facilities that don’t function properly would likely result in the creation of “swampy” areas, which could draw mosquitos and create perched water pockets.

Only time will tell if these concerns materialize and a large number of ESD facilities begin to under-perform. In the meantime, the following steps should be taken to reduce the likelihood of these issues:

  • Retain a qualified geotechnical engineer to perform a proper evaluation of the subsurface conditions. Many design professionals and County agencies have interpreted the MDE requirements for quantity or locations of explorations differently. In reality, the boring locations should be recommended by the geotechnical engineer based on site geology and other site-specific issues. It is a good idea to run the proposed scope by the appropriate County reviewer to verify compliance with the County’s interpretation of the requirements. If infiltration techniques are being considered, in-situ infiltration testing should be performed and supplemented by laboratory testing as appropriate.
  • The project designer should understand geotechnical recommendations and other site constraints and incorporate them into the facility design. The function and design of many systems, particularly pervious pavements, are poorly understood or implemented by many designers. Each type of facility has different design constraints and the ESD device selection is highly dependent on the subsurface conditions, such as soil types and depth to water. It may also be appropriate to modify or augment the standard details by adding underdrains or revising the inflow or outflow features based on site-specific constraints. Details of each proposed facility should be clearly depicted on the plans and all materials to be used, as well as maintenance requirements, should be clearly specified.
  • Proper construction sequencing is important to avoid problems. If planting media is placed prior to construction of adjacent pavements, sediment in the runoff from surrounding soils can clog the media. Furthermore, the construction of houses and nearby ESD facilities should be coordinated such that the construction of footings doesn’t impact a previously-constructed facility, or the construction of a facility will not undermine a previously built footing. Design of adjacent retaining walls should also take into account the fact that excavations will periodically be required in the ESD facility for maintenance.
  • A qualified engineer (ideally, the geotechnical engineer that performed the subsurface evaluation) should be on-site to observe the construction and test the materials being used in the ESD facilities. The gradation of the planting media should be carefully evaluated prior to placement. We recommend that the silt and clay content of this material should be maintained at the lower end of the accepted range to minimize the likelihood of clogging. Also, the contractor should be sure to remove any sediment remaining in the facility excavation prior to construction and should be careful to avoid excessive compaction of the facility subgrade. The on-site geotechnical engineer should evaluate the subgrade prior to construction and, if overly compacted, should recommend that the contractor tills or aerates it prior to construction.

Of course, the potential for headaches and cost overruns can be reduced by retaining qualified civil and geotechnical engineering consultants to work together to perform an appropriate SWM facility design.

Ben Dinsmore, P.E., is an Associate with GTA and has 19 years of geotechnical and site engineering consulting services, primarily in the Baltimore – Washington, D.C. corridor.


John Moscati Joins GTA as an Associate

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John P. Moscati
Associate
Construction Observation
and Testing Services

Charlotte, NC Office

We are pleased to announce the addition of John P. Moscati as Associate of GTA Associates, Inc.’s (GTA) Charlotte, North Carolina office. With over 14 years of experience in the engineering and construction industry, John is responsible for managing construction observation and material testing services, as well as developing new clients and project opportunities in the Carolinas.

John’s role includes overseeing the quality assurance and quality control on a variety of commercial, residential, and institutional projects; on-site project management and representation; providing training and supervision of field and lab technicians; reports and special inspection letter preparation; and preparing proposals and budgets for a variety of construction projects and work scopes.

John received a Bachelor of Science degree in Geology – Earth Sciences from State University of New York College at Buffalo. He is Board Member of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in Charlotte and is a passionate volunteer year-round with the foundation.

GTA Associates, Inc. (GTA), a subsidiary of Geo-Technology Associates, Inc. (GTA), performs environmental consulting, geotechnical engineering, and construction observation and materials testing services throughout North and South Carolina.

AVOIDING CONCRETE POX (AND OTHER SURFACE AILMENTS)

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Originally published in Maryland Building Industry
Association’s (MBIA’s) Build Maryland, Sept/Oct 2018 magazine.

Written by: Scott J. Taylor, P.E.

Have you ever completed a home or a site with curb and gutter, sidewalks, driveways, or pool
decks that looked like a million dollars, only to hear back in a couple of months that the concrete
was pock marked or covered in white dust. You talk to the concrete contractor and they tell you
to talk to the snow removal contractor. The snow removal contractor tells you to talk to your concrete
contractor. It is possible to find out what went wrong after the fact by doing a petrographic
analysis of the concrete, but it is expensive, time consuming and not necessarily fun.

There are steps that you can take to prevent this scenario from happening to you. These steps start before the concrete is ordered, continue the day of placement and include the days and weeks following placement.

PRE-POUR
When contracting a concrete company, make sure your contract includes details about the mix design, finishing and curing the concrete. All of these contribute to the appearance and durability of the concrete. It is also wise to hold a pre-construction conference to discuss materials and procedures when you have large highly visible concrete pours planned.

Water cement ratios and admixtures matter. A water to cement ratio, weight of water divided by weight of cementitious material in a mix, of 0.45 is recommended. Higher water to cement ratios, more water, result in less durable concrete. Air entrained concrete is a must for exterior concrete or concrete that will be exposed to freeze-thaw cycles during construction. Air entraining admixtures create small regularly sized and spaced air bubble in the mix. The air bubbles in the concrete allow a place for water and ice crystals during freezing and thawing. If air entrainment is lacking, internal pressure in the concrete builds and the durability of the concrete will be a problem.

Finishing concrete too early or too late can both have a detrimental effect on the concrete’s surface. If the concrete is floated or troweled before the bleed water comes to the surface, water can be trapped under the surface leading to delamination. If the concrete is finished too late, the paste that is moved by the trowel may not bond to the rest of the concrete well. Making sure you get experienced finishers, and when possible, finishers certified by the American Concrete Institute (ACI), can make a difference in the final product.

Curing the concrete is often overlooked but very important. If the water evaporates from the surface of the concrete before the surface hardens, it can negatively impact the surface. This is especially true of concrete mixes that use fly ash or other non-Portland cementitious material. If the hydration of the non-Portland cementitious material stops, the surface may not harden even if water is added later. You should make it clear to the contractor that you expect the concrete to be cured properly through the use of curing compounds, membranes, or wet curing.

You should also consider having the concrete placement and curing observed and tested by a material testing technician who is certified by ACI, WACEL, NICET or MARTCP. Make sure your testing firm knows that you are just as concerned about finishing, curing and the appearance of the concrete as you are about the strength of the concrete.

POUR DAY
If you are on site the day of the pour, check the concrete tickets to make sure that the correct mix is being delivered and that air entrainment is used for exterior concrete. Note if the contractor adds water to the concrete. Adding water prior to placement will change the water to cement ratio, unless the batch plant withheld some of the mix water. Adding water to the surface of the concrete during placement will have a negative impact of the surface. If you are not on site, the certified materials technician should notify you if the contractor adds water.

Prior to the concrete being finished, you should look for some water, bleed water, to come to the surface of the concrete and the water should start to dissipate. If the floating or troweling starts before this happens, talk to your concrete finisher. Again, the materials testing technician can help with this.

Make sure the concrete company has a curing compound, plastic sheeting, or burlap to protect the concrete from evaporation after the concrete is floated and troweled. The burlap may need to be rewetted regularly to be effective. Water can also be ponded on the surface after the finishing is complete. When freezing is possible, make sure that they have blankets or other means of protecting the concrete. The blankets can also protect the surface from evaporation.

MAINTENANCE
Never use deicing salts of any kind on concrete that has not cured. ACI recommends that concrete be allowed to achieve a compressive strength of at least 3000 psi before it is exposed to deicing salts. This will likely take 28 days unless you are using a higher strength concrete. Where the appearance of the concrete is more critical, it would be wise to wait a couple of months before exposing the concrete to deicing salts. Sand can be used for traction during this time. There are also compounds that can protect the surface, if you need to use deicing salts on the concrete earlier. Never use Ammonia Sulfate or Ammonia Nitrate as a deicer, they are too corrosive.

If you keep these steps in mind, you are likely to have attractive, durable concrete for years to come.

Scott J. Taylor, P.E. is an Associate with GTA and has more than 20 years of geotechnical and materials testing experience in the Baltimore – Washington, DC corridor.

Executive Vice Presidents Named

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Dave Zmijewski, PE
Executive Vice President
Northeast Region

 

Tom Wirth, PE
Executive Vice President
Mid-Atlantic Region

 

Craig Rodano, PG
Executive Vice President
Southeast Region

 

Paul Hayden, PG, LRS, RSM
Executive Vice President
Business Development

 

In order to proactively prepare for the continued growth and expansion of our company, GTA is pleased to announce the promotion of David Zmijewski, Tom Wirth, Craig Rodano, and Paul Hayden to Executive Vice President of the firm.  GTA’s new approach will allow for anticipated expansion, while ensuring that GTA maintains the superior level of service, quality, and dedication to which our clients have become accustomed.

Our northeast region (Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and Ohio office locations) is now being managed by Dave Zmijewski. Tom Wirth is responsible for overseeing the mid-Atlantic region which includes our Maryland and Virginia offices. Craig Rodano, who has provided oversight to our two North Carolina offices since their opening in 2006 and 2015, respectively, will continue to manage our southeast region as we expand further south. Paul Hayden, as EVP of Business Development, will be assisting with marketing efforts throughout all three regions.

GTA’s President, Pat Klima, PE, will assist the EVPs with the overall management of all the regions and will continue to manage the company as whole.

Benjamin Dinsmore Named V.P. With GTA

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Benjamin Dinsmore, P.E.
Vice President
Geotechnical Engineering
Construction Observation
and Testing

Laurel, MD Office
(410) 792-9446
BDinsmore@gtaeng.com

We are pleased to announce the promotion of Benjamin T. Dinsmore, P.E., to the position of Vice President of GTA.

As a Vice President with GTA and licensed Professional Engineer in Maryland with 21 years of experience, Ben is responsible for managing the Geotechnical Engineering group in GTA’s Laurel, Maryland office. In this role, he coordinates and oversees drilling and other subsurface exploration operations, laboratory testing, and engineering evaluations, and prepares geotechnical exploration reports for a wide range of projects.

Ben routinely provides geotechnical recommendations for large residential developments, all aspects of retail/commercial developments, and designs foundations to support high-rise buildings. He also performs slope stability evaluations, designs retaining walls, underdrain systems, micropiles, and other structures in support of these developments. He is particularly knowledgeable of the Baltimore and Maryland-National Capital area market and geologic conditions and associated challenges. Ben provides technical assistance and oversight to field personnel during drilling and construction operations and testing for a variety of infrastructure, government, commercial, and residential projects. His field experience includes monitoring, testing, and evaluation of the placement/suitability of controlled fill, foundation soils, reinforced concrete, structural steel, pavements, slope stabilization measures, retaining walls, micropiles, and other various geotechnical and construction monitoring activities.

He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering from Bucknell University, in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania in 1998. He also attended graduate school at the University of Maryland with a focus in Geotechnical Engineering. He is a member of the following professional and industry organizations: American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington Building Congress (WBC), Maryland Building Industry Association (MBIA).

Ben’s team of eight engineering professionals is actively working on several large residential developments in the rapidly growing Prince George’s County, several high-rise buildings and mixed-use developments in Baltimore, and all jurisdictions in between.

Greg Doyle, Due Diligence Specialist, Joins GTA as an Associate

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Gregory J. Doyle, LEED AP
Associate
Due Diligence Consulting

NYC Metro Office
(201) 641-1850
GDoyle@gtaeng.com

 

We are pleased to announce that Gregory J. Doyle, LEED AP, has joined GTA as an Associate of the firm.

Greg heads up GTA’s lender services due diligence division and the environmental group at our NYC Metro office, and has over 23 years of experience in the inspection and assessment of commercial real estate including office, retail, multi-family and industrial facilities. He is responsible for providing and managing Phase I Environmental Site Assessments (ESAs), Property Condition Assessments (PCAs), Records Search with Risk Assessments, Transaction Screen Assessments, Third Party Reviews, and seismic and zoning studies for lenders, developers, property owners, engineering firms, and contractors throughout the region. Greg has also been charged with expanding GTA’s due diligence division nationwide.

Previously, Mr. Doyle worked for IVI International, Inc. / CBRE, Inc., where during his 23 years with the firm, he helped grow and manage the company’s assessment due diligence division. His roles included Department Manager, Senior Business Systems Analyst and Vice President – Quality Assurance / Quality Control.

Mr. Doyle has conducted and managed assessments in accordance with ASTM Standards, USEPA’s All Appropriate Inquiries (AAI) Rule, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, HUD Guidelines and other client specific scopes of work. He has self-performed over 800 Phase I ESAs and been the technical reviewer on thousands of environmental assessments conducted throughout the U.S., Canada and the Caribbean. He has conducted and overseen lead-based paint and asbestos surveys, underground storage tank assessments, wastewater treatment and disposal system design, asbestos air monitoring and asbestos abatement management; Project Management for Phase II investigations consisting of designing sampling plans for soil and groundwater investigations and remediation oversight; regulatory review of Phase II, III & IV reports to determine risk of contaminant plume migration; designed Asbestos & Lead Based Paint Operations & Maintenance (O&M) programs; and conducted air quality dispersion modeling from point source releases. Additionally, he has performed thousands of third-party reviews of Phase I, II, and III reports. He has worked on State Hazardous Waste Sites and National Priority List (NPL) sites; some of the most contaminated properties in the U.S. He has also managed day-to-day office operations and provided quality control along with training, mentoring and technical advisement to the field and reviewer staff.

Mr. Doyle’s vast experience and technical knowledge enable him to provide recommendations tailored to the specific needs of individual real estate transactions which often results in resolution of potential environmental issues early in the transaction timeline, providing great client outcomes.

Greg received his Bachelor of Science degree in Atmospheric Sciences / Meteorology, with a minor in Technology in Society from State University of New York (SUNY), Stony Brook, NY. His education includes additional environmental studies at Rutgers University and New York University. Greg is a US Green Building Council, L.E.E.D. Accredited Professional; a member of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action; and a member of Environmental Bankers Association.

Shep Winckler, Due Diligence Specialist, Joins GTA as an Associate

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Shepard S. Winckler
Associate
Due Diligence Consulting

Laurel, MD Office
(410) 320-0805
SWinckler@gtaeng.com

 

We are pleased to announce that Shepard S. Winckler has joined GTA as an Associate of the firm.

Shep brings 25 years of experience in environmental consulting to GTA, where he will manage projects and clients in GTA’s largest office. Throughout his career, Shep has served private real estate owners and developers, multi-family housing operators, REITs and pension fund investors, property managers, commercial lenders, attorneys, insurance companies, telecommunications carriers, and local governments. Shep has managed and performed transactional due diligence, environmental investigation, and remediation at over 1,000 sites throughout the United States, with primary focus on the eastern states. His work has included Phase I Environmental Site Assessments (ESAs); removal and closure of underground storage tanks (USTs) and associated contaminated soil and groundwater; performing site investigations to characterize the extent and severity of soil, surface water, groundwater, and soil vapor contamination; operation and maintenance of subsurface remediation systems and equipment; and characterization and management of hazardous and regulated wastes for proper disposal.

Additionally, Shep has managed and performed microbial (mold) assessment and remediation, indoor radon and volatile organic compound (VOC) sampling and mitigation, asbestos survey and abatement, lead-based paint survey, and lead-in-drinking water sampling in hundreds of multi-family apartment and commercial properties.

He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Geosciences from Pennsylvania State University, and he is a member of Geoprofessional Business Association and Maryland Building Industry Association.

Donny Sousa, CWI, Promoted to Associate

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Donny Sousa, CWI
Associate
Construction Observation & Testing Services

Somerset, NJ Office
(908) 358-3508
DSousa@gtaeng.com

 

We are pleased to announce the Promotion of Donny Sousa to Associate of GTA.

With more than 25 years of experience in the construction industry, including 10 years with GTA, Donny manages the construction observation and testing (COT) services department at GTA’s Somerset, New Jersey office. As an Associate with GTA, Donny is responsible for quality assurance and quality control on a wide variety of COT projects, as well as Special Inspections for structural fill placement, footing subgrade bearing capacity, concrete placement, reinforcing steel, structural masonry, structural steel bolting and welding, spray-applied fireproofing, and exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) for our various clients across the NY/NJ area. Donny provides training, mentoring, and oversight of field engineering technicians and laboratory operations. Additionally, he assesses field problems and provides technical assistance on various commercial and residential projects.

Donny’s construction expertise began in the concrete industry. He has hands-on expertise in the concrete construction phase of projects, from working as a foreman at a concrete company to starting his own contracting company prior to joining GTA. He is able to assist clients with troubleshooting concrete and earthwork construction while providing cost-effective solutions without sacrificing quality.

Donny is an active member of his local communities where he grew up in Elizabeth and Newark, New Jersey and strives to make a difference in development projects utilizing GTA’s resources.

Donny is an active member of the International Code Council (ICC), American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Welding Society (AWS), American Wall and Ceiling Institute (AWCI), New Jersey Dept. of Community Affairs (DCA), New Jersey Building Officials Association (NJBOA), and Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC).


JOHN WIRTH FIELD DEDICATION

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John L. Wirth, P.E., was a founding father of Geo-Technology Associates, Inc. (GTA) and the first president of the company. As company president, John spent countless hours ensuring the company’s success. John’s leadership, engineering knowledge, ethics, dedication, and business acumen laid the foundation of the success of GTA, which is now a 375-person firm with 15 offices in seven states. John’s tenure was from 1985 until 2000 when he retired.

In addition to John’s leadership at GTA, he was highly involved in local community sports. Over the years, John coached over 30 different teams, impacting hundreds of youth participants in softball, basketball, and football. He also served on the Fallston Recreation Council Board and as the Fallston Recreation Softball Commissioner. While his children attended Fallston High School, he took on the role of Cougar Boosters President.

After losing a battle with a rare form of cancer, John died at the age of 64 on April 3, 2017. GTA was compelled to honor the memory of the man who laid the foundation of the firm’s success. What better way to memorialize John Wirth than building a structure on the grounds where he spent much time in the love of sports and community?

GTA contacted the Fallston Recreation Council with their ideas, and submitted plans for two dugouts at the Fallston Recreation Complex. With approval by the Rec Council, Harford County Parks & Recreation and Planning & Zoning, construction was the next step. Craig Rodano, P.G., and Tom Wirth, P.E. (John’s son), both Executive Vice Presidents of GTA, worked evenings and weekends over a three-month period to complete the two concrete dugouts.

The dedication was held on May 18, 2019, opening day of the Fallston Rec’s Softball Program. Softball Commissioner, Laurie Mace, whom John also coached, introduced the Wirth family who was in attendance. Tom Wirth, who continues to serve the Fallston Rec Council, said a few words to commemorate his dad’s dedication to the Fallston program.

If you knew John, it will warm your heart and put a smile on your face as you drive along Mountain Road (Route 152), in Fallston, where if you look towards the rec fields you will see the words, “John Wirth Field,” on the backside of a green colored dugout.


Tim Fowler Promoted to Associate

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Tim Fowler
Associate
Construction Observation & Testing Services

Frederick, MD Office
(301) 682-5226
TFowler@gtaeng.com

 

We are pleased to announce the promotion of Timothy P. Fowler to Associate of GTA.

With more than 24 years of experience in the construction industry, including 12 years with GTA, Tim is responsible for managing GTA’s Frederick, Maryland office with regards to daily operations, business development, and community involvement, and GTA’s projects with regards to problem identification and resolution as they apply to geotechnical, construction, and environmental issues.

As an Associate with GTA, Tim is responsible for managing quality assurance and quality control on a wide variety of construction observation and testing projects, as well as Special Inspections for residential, commercial, and government projects across the MD/DC/VA area. His experience has included management and field inspection and testing of controlled fill, stormwater management facilities, chemical stabilization, asphalt placement and coring, pervious concrete testing, foundation inspections, cast-in-place concrete, slope stabilization, retaining walls, sediment and erosion control (NPDES inspections), and other various geotechnical and construction monitoring activities. Additionally, he provides training, mentoring, and oversight of GTA’s field engineering technicians, management and office staff, and laboratory operations.

Tim is an active member of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM); WACEL’s Certification Exam Committee; Frederick County Chamber of Commerce; Frederick County Builders Industry Association; and Maryland Construction Network.

MICHAEL W. DERR, PE, PROMOTED TO VICE PRESIDENT

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Michael W. Derr, PE
Vice President
Geotechnical Engineering

Quakertown, PA Office
(484) 294-0878
MDerr@gtaeng.com

 

As a Vice President with GTA and licensed Professional Engineer in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey with 20 years of experience (17 with GTA), Mike is responsible for geotechnical design and consultation services during the planning and construction of residential, commercial, academic, retail, industrial, and public projects. Additionally, his responsibilities include overseeing quality assurance and quality control; providing training and supervision of field and laboratory staff; overseeing the Quakertown soils and concrete laboratory; and preparing reports, drawings, proposals, and budgets for a variety of design and construction projects.

Mike routinely provides geotechnical design and/or manages construction special inspections and testing of modular block retaining walls, temporary shoring and slopes, reinforced soil slopes, mechanically stabilized earth walls, pavement design, shallow and deep foundations, foundation underpinning, ground modification and stabilization, groundwater studies, and subsurface explorations associated with stormwater best practices. He has experience with projects located within sinkhole prone geology, requiring specialized sinkhole and subsurface stabilization methods.

In addition, Mike is certified as a Special Inspector by The City of Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspection and by the New Jersey Department of Consumer Affairs. Mike is also an American Welding Society Certified Welding Inspector.

He received his Bachelor of Science degree in business management from Colby-Sawyer College in 2002 and his Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Drexel University in 2006.

Mike is a member and past president of the Lehigh Valley Chapter of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and a member of American Welding Society, Lehigh Valley Engineering Council, and Delaware Valley Geo-Institute. He was named “Young Engineer of the Year,” in 2016, by Pennsylvania Society of Professional Engineers, Lehigh Valley Chapter.

He is currently overseeing several large residential, commercial, and industrial projects in Pennsylvania.

DONNY SOUSA, CWI, PROMOTED TO VICE PRESIDENT

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Donny Sousa, CWI
Vice President
Construction Observation & Testing Services

Somerset, NJ Office
(908) 358-3508
DSousa@gtaeng.com

Donny Sousa has been promoted to Vice President of GTA. With 26 years of experience in the construction industry, including 11 years with GTA, Donny is responsible for managing the construction observation and testing (COT) services department at GTA’s Somerset, New Jersey office. He provides quality assurance and quality control on a wide variety of COT projects, as well as Special Inspections for structural fill placement, footing subgrade bearing capacity, concrete placement, reinforcing steel, structural masonry, structural steel bolting and welding, spray-applied fireproofing, and exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) for our various clients across the NY/NJ area. Donny provides training, mentoring, and oversight of field engineering technicians and laboratory operations. Additionally, he assesses field problems and provides technical assistance on various commercial and residential projects.

Donny’s construction expertise began in the concrete industry. He has hands-on expertise in the concrete construction phase of projects, from working as a foreman at a concrete company to starting his own contracting company prior to joining GTA. He is able to assist clients with troubleshooting concrete and earthwork construction while providing cost-effective solutions without sacrificing quality.

He received an Associate in Business degree from Union County College in 2000. Donny is an active member of his local communities where he grew up in Elizabeth and Newark, New Jersey and he strives to make a difference in development projects utilizing GTA’s resources.

Donny is an active member of the International Code Council (ICC), American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Welding Society (AWS), American Wall and Ceiling Institute (AWCI), New Jersey Dept. of Community Affairs (DCA), New Jersey Building Officials Association (NJBOA), Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC), and NAIOP New Jersey.

He is currently overseeing GTA staff for several large commercial, retail, and residential projects located in within 10 New Jersey counties along with assisting our NY Metro office on various projects.

GTA COVID-19 Update

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To our valued clients and partners:

Geo-Technology Associates, Inc. (GTA), like all of you, has felt the effects of the Coronavirus pandemic.  Let me start off by wishing all of you a safe and healthy journey through these challenging times.  GTA maintains 15 offices in 7 states, and while that presents some challenges, please rest assured that GTA and each of these offices remain dedicated to sustaining the levels of quality and service that you have come to expect.

GTA has developed in-house protocols based upon CDC guidelines, and we want to assure you that we are putting the safety of our employees, and that of our clients and partners, first in our minds.  While we may be looking for alternative means of accomplishing our goals, potentially amending meetings and/or travel modes, our commitment to our core values remains strong.  Please be assured that GTA has the human and technical resources to continue serving you on your projects.  All of our offices are open, and we will remain diligent in the important roles you have entrusted to us.

I encourage each of you to remain safe and vigilant, and follow CDC guidelines to protect yourselves and your communities.  Our policy remains safety first; that goes a long way towards accomplishing the goals required to sustain us all through this period.

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